Disinformation and media trust in the south of Europe. A moderated mediation model

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62008/ixc/14/02Desinf

Keywords:

disinformation, trust, news, legacy media, digital media, mediated moderation model

Abstract

Our study explores how the type of news source acts as an intermediary in the connection between people's concerns about disinformation and their overall trust in the media. Additionally, we examine how a person's ideology influences their choice of news sources and, ultimately, their trust in news in general. To do so, we examine data from the Digital News Report 2022 (N= 10,106) for five news markets: France (N= 2059), Greece (N= 2004), Italy (N= 2004), Portugal (N= 2011), and Spain (N= 2028). The results confirm that ideology plays a moderating role in the relationships between «disinformation concern», «trust in media», and «type of media source». Increased concern about disinformation significantly decreases trust in the news. Individuals who are concerned about disinformation have higher consumption of traditional media (press, radio, and television). This research presents a moderated model that explains how these various factors interact to shape media trust.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

ABRAMOWITZ, A., & MCCOY, J. (2019). United States: Racial Resentment, Negative Partisanship, and Polarization in Trump’s America. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 681(1), 137-156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716218811309

AMOEDO, A., MORENO, E., NEGREDO, S., KAUFMANN-ARGUETA, J. & VARA-MIGUEL, A. (2023). Digital News Report España 2023. Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra. https://doi.org/10.15581/019.2023

BENKLER, Y., FARIS, R., & ROBERTS, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.

CARLSON, M. & LEWIS, S. C. (EDS.). (2015). Boundaries of Journalism: Professionalism, Practices and Participation. Routledge.

CHADWICK, A. (2013). The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power. Oxford University Press.

EDELMAN (2023). Edelman Trust Barometer. Navigating a polarized world. https://www.edelman.com/trust/2023/trust-barometer

EISENSTADT, S. N., & RONIGER, L. (1984). Patrons, clients and friends: Interpersonal relations and the structure of trust in society. Cambridge University Press.

ENGELKE, K. M., HASE, V., & WINTTERLIN, F. (2019). On measuring trust and distrust in journalism: Reflection of the status quo and suggestions for the road ahead. Journal of trust research, 9(1), 66-86.

FAWZI, N., STEINDL, N., OBERMAIER, M., PROCHAZKA, F., ARLT, D., BLÖBAUM, B., DOHLE, M., ENGELKE, K. M. HANITZSCH, T., JACKOB, N., JAKOBS, I., KLAWIER, T., POST, S., REINEMANN, C., SCHWEIGER, W. & ZIEGELE, M. (2021). Concepts, causes and consequences of trust in news media - a literature review and framework. Annals of the international communication association, 45(2),154-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2021.1960181

FLETCHER, R. & PARK, S. (2017). The impact of trust in the news media on online news consumption and participation. Digital journalism, 5(10), 1281-1299. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1279979

FREELON, D., BOSSETTA, M., WELLS, C., LUKITO, J., XIA, Y., & ADAMS, K. (2022). Black trolls matter: Racial and ideological asymmetries in social media disinformation. Social Science Computer Review, 40(3), 560-578. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439320914853

GARUSI, D. & SPLENDORE, S. (2023). Advancing a qualitative turn in news media trust research. Sociology compass, 17(4), e13075. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13075

GIL DE ZÚÑIGA, H., ARDÈVOL-ABREU, A., DIEHL, T., GÓMEZ-PATIÑO, M. & LIU, J. H. (2019). Trust in institutional actors across 22 countries. Examining political, science, and media trust around the world. Revista latina de comunicación social, 74, 237-262. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2019-1329

HA, L., PEREZ, L. A., & RAY, R. (2019). Mapping recent development in scholarship on fake news and misinformation, 2008 to 2017: Disciplinary contribution, topics, and impact. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(2), 290–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219869402

HALLIN, D. C., & MANCINI, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge University Press.

HAMELEERS, M., BROSIUS, A, & DE-VREESE, C. H. (2022). Whom to trust? Media exposure patterns of citizens with perceptions of misinformation and disinformation related to the news media. European Journal of Communication, 37(3),237-268. https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231211072667

HANITZSCH, T., VAN DALEN, A., & STEINDL, N. (2018). Caught in the nexus. A comparative and longitudinal analysis of public trust in the press. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217740695

HARPER, S., & SYKES, T. (2023). Conspiracy Theories Left, Right and... Centre: Political Disinformation and Liberal Media Discourse. New Formations, 109, 110-128.

HAWLEY, K. (2012). Trust: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press.

HAYES, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0610

HIGH LEVEL EXPERT GROUP ON FAKE NEWS AND DISINFORMATION (HLEG). (2018). A multi-dimensional approach to disinformation: Report of the independent high level group on fake news and online disinformation. European Commission. https://tinyurl.com/3hjf968y

HOLTON, A. E., & CHYI, H. I. (2012). News and the overloaded consumer: Factors influencing information overload among news consumers. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking, 15(11), 619-624.

HOVLAND, C. I. & WEISS, W. (1951). The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 15(4), 635-650. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2745952

HUMPRECHT, E., ESSER, F. & VAN-AELST, P. (2020). Resilience to online disinformation: a framework for cross-national comparative research. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(3), 493-516. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219900126

IGARTUA, J. -J., & HAYES, A. F. (2021). Mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: Concepts, computations, and some common confusions. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 24. e49. https://doi.org/0.1017/SJP.2021.46

JACK, C. (2017). Lexicon of lies: Terms for problematic information. Data & Society, 3, https://datasociety.net/library/lexicon-of-lies/

KALMOE, NATHAN P., AND LILLIANA MASON. (2019). «Lethal Mass Partisanship: Prevalence, Correlates, and Electoral Contingencies». Paper presented at the 2019 NCAPSA American Politics Meeting, Washington, DC.

KOHRING, M. & MATTHES, J. (2007). Trust in news media: development and validation of a multidimensional scale. Communication research, 34(2), 231-252. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650206298071

LEE, T-T. (2010). Why they don’t trust the media: An examination of factors predicting trust. American Behavioral Scientist, 54(1), 8-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764210376308

LEVENDUSKY, M. S. (2010). Clearer Cues, More Consistent Voters: A Benefit of Elite Polarization. Political Behavior 32, 111–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-009-9094-0

LUCASSEN, T. & SCHRAAGEN, J. M. (2012). Propensity to trust and the influence of source and medium cues in credibility evaluation. Journal of information science, 38(6), 566-577. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551512459921

MAGALLÓN-ROSA, R. (2022): De las fake news a la polarización digital. Una década de hibridación de desinformación y propaganda. Revista Más Poder Local, 50, 49-65. https://doi.org/10.56151/maspoderlocal.120

MARKOV, Č., & MIN, Y. (2023). Unpacking public animosity toward professional journalism: A qualitative analysis of the differences between media distrust and cynicism. Journalism, 24(10), 2136-2154. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221122064

MEDINA, M., ETAYO-PÉREZ, C. & SERRANO-PUCHE, J. (2023). Categorías de confianza para los informativos televisivos e indicadores para su medición: percepciones de grupos de interés en Alemania, España e Italia. Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación, 14(1), 307-324. https://www.doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM.23416

MEYER, P. (1988). Defining and measuring credibility of newspapers: developing an index. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 65(3), 567-574. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769908806500301

MILLER, M. L., & VACCARI, C. (2020). Digital threats to democracy: Comparative lessons and possible remedies. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(3), 333–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220922323

MORAN, R. & NECHUSHTAI, E. (2022). Before reception: trust in the news as infrastructure. Journalism, 24(3), 457-474. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211048961

MÜLLER, P., & SCHULZ, A. (2021). Alternative media for a populist audience? Exploring political and media use predictors of exposure to Breitbart, Sputnik, and CO. Information, Communication & Society, 24(2), 277-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2019.1646778

NEWMAN, N., FLETCHER, R., EDDY, K., ROBERTSON, C. T., & NIELSEN, R. K. (2023). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2023. Reuters Institute for the study of Journalism.

PÉREZ-LATRE, F. J. (2022). Crisis de confianza (2007-2022). El descrédito de los medios. Eunsa.

PERRY, J. (2021). Trust in public institutions: trends and implications for economic security. Policy brief n. 108. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. http://tinyurl.com/2k6dhrhm

PEW RESEARCH CENTER (2022). Trust in government: 1958-2022. Pew Research Center. http://tinyurl.com/5n7zp43x

PROCHAZKA, F. & SCHWEIGER, W. (2019). How to measure generalized trust in news media? An adaptation and test of scales. Communication Methods and Measures, 13(1), 26-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2018.1506021

QUIRING, O., ZIEGELE, M., SCHEMER, C., JACKOB, N., JAKOBS, I., & SCHULTZ, T. (2021). Constructive skepticism, dysfunctional cynicism? Skepticism and cynicism differently determine generalized media trust. International Journal of Communication, 15, 22.

REN, J., DONG, H., POPOVIC, A., SABNIS, G., & NICKERSON, J. (2024). Digital platforms in the news industry: how social media platforms impact traditional news viewership. European journal of information systems, 33(1), 1-18.

SAPIENZA, E. (2021). Trust in public institutions. A conceptual framework and insights for improved governance programming. United Nations Development Programme. http://tinyurl.com/3embvhza

SCHRANZ, M., SCHNEIDER, J., & EISENEGGER, M. (2018). Media trust and media use. In: OTTO, K. & KÖHLER, A. (eds.). Trust in media and journalism: Empirical perspectives on ethics, norms, impacts and populism in Europe (pp. 73-91). Springer.

SERRANO-PUCHE, J., (2017). Credibilidad y confianza en los medios de comunicación: un panorama de la situación en españa. In: GONZÁLEZ, M. & VALDERRAMA, M. (eds.). Discursos comunicativos persuasivos hoy (pp. 427-438). Tecnos.

SERRANO-PUCHE, J., RODRÍGUEZ-SALCEDO, N. & MARTÍNEZ-COSTA, M.P. (2023). Trust, disinformation, and digital media: Perceptions and expectations about news in a polarized environment. Profesional de la información, 32(5), e320518. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.sep.18

STAMM, K. & DUBE, R. (1994). The Relationship of Attitudinal Components to Trust in Media. Communication Research, 21(1), 105-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365094021001006

STRÖMBÄCK, J., TSFATI, Y., BOOMGAARDEN, H., DAMSTRA, A., LINDGREN, E., VLIEGENTHART, R. & LINDHOLM, T. (2020). News media trust and its impact on media use: toward a framework for future research. Annals of the International Communication Association, 44(2), 139-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2020.1755338

TSFATI, Y. & ARIELY, G. (2014). Individual and contextual correlates of trust in media across 44 countries. Communication research, 41(6), 760-782. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650213485972

TSFATI, Y. & CAPPELLA, J. N. (2003). Do people watch what they do not trust? Exploring the association between news media skepticism and exposure. Communication Research, 30(5), 504-529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203253371

TSFATI, Y. & COHEN, J. (2005). Democratic consequences of hostile media perceptions. The case of Gaza settlers. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 10(4): 28–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X05280776

USCINSKI, J.E., ENDERS, A.M., SEELIG, M.I., KLOFSTAD, C.A., FUNCHION, J.R., EVERETT, C., WUCHTY, S., PREMARATNE, K. AND MURTHI, M.N. (2021), American Politics in Two Dimensions: Partisan and Ideological Identities versus Anti-Establishment Orientations. American Journal of Political Science, 65, 877-895. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12616

VACCARI, C. & CHADWICK, A. (2020). Deepfakes and disinformation: exploring the impact of synthetic political video on deception, uncertainty, and trust in news. Social Media + Society, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120903408

VAN-AELST, P., STRÖMBÄCK, J., AALBERG, T., ESSER, F. (2017). Political communication in a high-choice media environment: a challenge for democracy? Annals of the international communication association, 41(1), 3-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2017.1288551

VARA-MIGUEL, A. (2018). Confianza en noticias y fragmentación de mercado: el caso español. Comunicació: revista de recerca i d’anàlisi, v. 35(1), 95-113. https://doi.org/10.2436/20.3008.01.168

VARA-MIGUEL, A., AMOEDO, A., MORENO, E., NEGREDO, S. & KAUFMANN, J. (2022). Digital News Report España 2022. Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra. https://doi.org/10.15581/019.2022

VARA-MIGUEL, A., MEDINA, M. & GUTIÉRREZ-RENTERÍA, M.E. (2023). Influence of news interest, payment of digital news, and primary news sources in media trust. A moderated mediation model. Journal of Media Business Studies, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2023.2214447

WARDLE, C., & DERAKHSHAN, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking. Council of Europe. https://tinyurl.com/5hxdu9cr

WATKINS, J. PARK, S. & FISHER, C. (2017). Digital news report: Australia 2017 (News and Media Research Centre (UC)). Accessed 8 3 2024. https://apo.org.au/node/95161

WEBSTER, J. G. (2014). The marketplace of attention: How audiences take shape in a digital age. Mit Press.

WILLIAMS, A. E. (2012). Trust or bust? Questioning the Relationship between media trust and news attention. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56(1), 116-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2011.651186

ZIMMERMANN, F. & KOHRING, M. (2020). Mistrust, disinforming news, and vote choice: a panel survey on the origins and consequences of believing disinformation in the 2017 German parliamentary election. Political Communication, 37(2), 215-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1686095

Published

2024-07-15

How to Cite

Sierra, A., Novoa Jaso, M. F., & Serrano-Puche, J. (2024). Disinformation and media trust in the south of Europe. A moderated mediation model. index.Comunicación, 14(2), 109–135. https://doi.org/10.62008/ixc/14/02Desinf

Issue

Section

Monograph 14(2) Disinformation and trust in the media